Kedudukan Hukum Rupiah Digital sebagai Alat Pembayaran yang Sah: Analisis Yuridis atas Kesiapan Regulasi Bank Indonesia dan Dampaknya terhadap Sistem Perbankan Konvensional

Felicia Shinta Romauli Tambunan

doi:10.71417/jchi.v2i1.199

Authors

Felicia Shinta Romauli Tambunan Universitas Padjadjaran Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.71417/jchi.v2i1.199

Keywords:

Environmental Protection, Free Trade, GATT Article XX, Liberalization, WTO

Abstract

Globalization drives economic liberalization through WTO frameworks, creating tensions between free trade efficiency and environmental protection. This study aims to analyze WTO regulations' sustainability basis, particularly through Marrakesh Agreement 1994 and GATT Article XX. Employing normative juridical methods, the population comprises WTO documents since 1994, with purposive sampling of key cases DS58 (US-Shrimp) and DS381 (US-Tuna II Mexico). Secondary data from treaties and dispute reports were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Findings reveal WTO's normative commitment to sustainable development via CTE committee and TBT/SPS regulations, yet implementation faces conflicts due to differing interests between developed and developing nations, as evidenced by discriminatory eco-labeling disputes. In conclusion, while Article XX enables environmental exceptions if non-discriminatory, stronger harmonization mechanisms are needed.

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