Kontinuitas dan Perubahan  Politik Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat dalam Merespons Konsolidasi Shanghai Cooperation Organization (Sco): Analisis Komparatif Era Donald Trump dan Joe Biden (2017-2025)

Muhamad Ferdiansah; Debbie Affianty

doi:10.71417/jchi.v2i2.239

Authors

Muhamad Ferdiansah Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta Author
Debbie Affianty Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.71417/jchi.v2i2.239

Keywords:

Politik Luar Negeri, , Amerika Serikat, Shanghai Cooperation Organization.

Abstract

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh dinamika kekuatan global yang semakin multipolar, terutama melibatkan Amerika Serikat, Tiongkok, dan Rusia. Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) berkembang sebagai organisasi regional Eurasia yang memiliki peran strategis dalam keamanan, ekonomi, dan geopolitik. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kontinuitas dan perubahan politik luar negeri Amerika Serikat dalam merespons konsolidasi SCO pada pemerintahan Donald Trump dan Joe Biden periode 2017–2025. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif komparatif dengan metode content analysis melalui studi pustaka. Analisis didasarkan pada teori konstruktivisme dan teori politik luar negeri untuk menjelaskan pengaruh identitas, kepemimpinan, serta dinamika sistem internasional terhadap orientasi kebijakan Amerika Serikat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat pada kedua periode pemerintahan lebih memperlihatkan kontinuitas daripada perubahan fundamental. Kepemimpinan menjadi variabel yang lebih dominan dibandingkan struktur sistem internasional dalam membentuk orientasi kebijakan. SCO diposisikan sebagai variabel tidak langsung yang direspons melalui perspektif rivalitas strategis Amerika Serikat dengan Tiongkok dan Rusia. Respons tersebut diwujudkan melalui strategi counter-institutional balancing dengan membangun mekanisme kerja sama alternatif tanpa melakukan engagement langsung terhadap SCO. Pada era Trump, kebijakan luar negeri cenderung unilateral-transaksional dan bercorak benign neglect, yang tercermin dalam penarikan diri dari TPP serta perang dagang dengan Tiongkok. Sementara itu, era Biden menunjukkan pendekatan multilateral-kompetitif melalui penguatan QUAD, AUKUS, dan IPEF. Perubahan terlihat pada gaya diplomasi, retorika, dan pendekatan terhadap institusi internasional, sedangkan kontinuitas tampak pada persepsi terhadap Tiongkok dan Rusia sebagai pesaing strategis. Dengan demikian, pergantian presiden tidak mengubah orientasi strategis fundamental Amerika Serikat karena kompetisi kekuatan besar tetap menjadi determinan utama kebijakan luar negerinya.

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